Encyclopedia Of Applied Psychology Ch
Editor–in–Chief
CHARLES D. SPIELBERGER
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, USA
Charles D. Spielberger is Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Research in
Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology at the University of South Florida. Author, co-author, or editor of more than 350 professional publications, Spielberger’s current research focuses on anxiety, anger, curiosity, depression, job stress, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the etiology and progression of cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
His State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1970, 1983), with translations in 66 languages and dialects, has become a standard international measure of anxiety. He has served as President of the International Association of Applied Psychology, the International Council of Psychologists, and the International Stress Management Association and was the 100th
President of the American Psychological Association.
i
Editorial Advisors
John W. Adair
Machiko Fukuhara
Joe Matarazzo
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Tokiwa University
Mito, Japan
Oregon Health Sciences University
Portland, Oregon, USA
Michael Harris Bond
James Georgas
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China
University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Pieter J. D. Drenth
Frank Heller
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tavistock Institute of Human Relations
London, United Kingdom
Edwin A. Fleishman
Stevan Hobfoll
George Mason University
Potomac, Maryland, USA
Kent State University
Kent, Ohio, USA
Raymond D. Fowler
Anna Leonova
Bernhard Wilpert
American Psychological Association
Washington, D.C., USA
Moscow State University
Moscow, Russian Federation
Technische Universita¨t Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Michael Frese
Claude Levy-Leboyer
Justus-Liebig University of Giessen
Giessen, Germany
Universite´ Rene´ Descartes
Paris, France
Charles Spielberger
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, USA
Tuomo Tikkanen
CHARLES D. SPIELBERGER
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, USA
Charles D. Spielberger is Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Research in
Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology at the University of South Florida. Author, co-author, or editor of more than 350 professional publications, Spielberger’s current research focuses on anxiety, anger, curiosity, depression, job stress, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the etiology and progression of cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
His State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1970, 1983), with translations in 66 languages and dialects, has become a standard international measure of anxiety. He has served as President of the International Association of Applied Psychology, the International Council of Psychologists, and the International Stress Management Association and was the 100th
President of the American Psychological Association.
i
Editorial Advisors
John W. Adair
Machiko Fukuhara
Joe Matarazzo
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Tokiwa University
Mito, Japan
Oregon Health Sciences University
Portland, Oregon, USA
Michael Harris Bond
James Georgas
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China
University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Pieter J. D. Drenth
Frank Heller
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tavistock Institute of Human Relations
London, United Kingdom
Edwin A. Fleishman
Stevan Hobfoll
George Mason University
Potomac, Maryland, USA
Kent State University
Kent, Ohio, USA
Raymond D. Fowler
Anna Leonova
Bernhard Wilpert
American Psychological Association
Washington, D.C., USA
Moscow State University
Moscow, Russian Federation
Technische Universita¨t Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Michael Frese
Claude Levy-Leboyer
Justus-Liebig University of Giessen
Giessen, Germany
Universite´ Rene´ Descartes
Paris, France
Charles Spielberger
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, USA
Tuomo Tikkanen
Citations: Source. Adapted from Bates and Fain (2002, p. 1) and Cizek (2003a, chap