Guidelines for Minimum Standards in Water Well Construction, Province of British Columbia — June 1982. (n.d.). . Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/plan_protect_sustain/groundwater/library/standards/Guidelines_1982/standr1.html…
If, for the model in Figure 12.11, h1 were 506 ft, h2 were 497 ft, and l were 150 ft, what would be the hydraulic gradient (in percent) between well #1 and well #2?…
2. Hydraulic Fracturing Technology: Applications Analysis and Technology Evaluation Report. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 1993. Print.…
I think the primary issue however is the one raised by environmental groups how hydraulic fracturing can lead to the contamination of massive amounts of the ground water. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency fracturing method needs between 2.3 million and 3.8 million gallons of water per well, the problem is that much of the fluid that is injected is either not recovered or is unfit to use again which is then disposed…
However, the process of hydrofracking has been highly criticized. Natural gas movement through shale formations occurs mostly through cracks in the rock called joints; therefore a well that intersects these joints produces the most natural gas. Traditionally, gas wells were drilled vertically into the rock, but the joints in the Marcellus Shale tend to run vertically, so traditional, vertical wells would intersect very few joints and hence produce little gas. Hydrofracking works by drilling a vertical well down to the shale layer and then drilling horizontally into the shale. The fracturing part of the hydrofracking involves pumping a high-pressure gel down into the well with enough force to fracture the rock and release the natural gas trapped inside…
initial fracturing stage, the life span of a fracked well, and the process of abandoning a fractured…
State the primary legal issue raised by hydraulic fracturing; state the primary environmental issues raised by hydraulic fracturing; and state what part of hydraulic fracturing plays or will play in meeting…
The Pennsylvania Act 13 of 2012 is an act that imposed stronger environmental standards and authorized local governments to adopt impact fees, and build upon the state’s efforts to move towards energy independence as unconventional gas development (hydraulic fracturing) continues. Some of the act’s provisions include increased setback requirements for hydraulic fracturing; enhancing the protection of water supplies; and strong, uniform, and consistent statewide environmental standards.…
As stated before, to get to the shale of gas, the drill passes through the fresh water aquifer. The aquifer is where the public gets their water. A popular pro- hydraulic fracturing argument is that there is not any traceable pollution due to drilling; the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection says the contrary. “The Department has determined that eighteen…
The process of hydraulic hydraulic fracturing has been used to extract natural gas since the 1940 advancement in technology has allowed it to become much more effective and profitable. This advancement…
Wells are drilled vertically hundreds to thousands of feet below the land surface. Fractures are created by pumping large quantities of fluids at high pressure down a wellbore and into the target rock formation. Hydraulic fracturing fluid commonly consists of water, proppant and chemical additives that open and enlarge fractures within the rock formation. These fractures can extend several hundred feet away from the wellbore. The proppants - sand, ceramic pellets or other small incompressible particles - hold open the newly created fractures. Once the injection process is completed, the internal pressure of the rock formation causes fluid to return to the surface through the wellbore. This fluid is known as both "flowback" and "produced water" and may contain the injected chemicals plus naturally occurring materials such as brines, metals, radionuclides, and hydrocarbons. The flow back and produced water is typically stored on site in tanks or pits before treatment, disposal or recycling. In many cases, it is injected underground for disposal. In areas where that is not an option, it may be treated and reused or processed by a wastewater treatment facility and then discharged to surface water.” (“The Process of Hydraulic…
Department of Agriculture. 2006. Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements. www.connectedwater.gov.au (accessed 20th August 2009). Earth Tank System. 2009. http://www.rdic.org/balltankinfo.htm (accessed September 13th, 2009).…
In order to make sure the safety of contamination, the companies have to pay extra attention to make sure the pipes do not have cracks. Additionally, with different ground levels, between the tubing and pipes for each supply, many believe that contamination is unlikely to happen. Throughout the history of fracking, there has been research showing that the amount of incidents have reduced because "between 2008 and 2011, only a handful of major incidents happened across more than 3,500 wells in the Marcellus (Yale)." Many people believe that the operations and the process of fracking could be improved as time pass by with the advance and new…
The type of physics that I will be presenting is a branch of Fluid Mechanics. Fluid mechanics studies the physics of gases and liquids.…
The purpose of the experiment is providing an opportunity to students of experience to familiarize with some key aspects of fluid flow in pipe, notably friction losses and verify theory. In this experiment, required equipment are a water tank, piezometric tubes, pump, a stop watch, empty bucket and a digital weight scale. By operating the pump to keep the water is full in the water tank, and measuring the height of water in the piezometric tubes in different height of water outlets. And measuring the flow rate of water in different height outlets with the stopwatch, empty bucket and digital weight scale. After experiments done, use the data of experiments to calculate the velocity and the flow rate of water in the pipe through by the Bernoulli equation. Then compare the calculate results and practical results to approve the theory. The calculated results should very be close to the practical results. There is a necessary discussion of errors due to relevant issues.…