Tutorial 1
Tutorial 1
Chapter 1
9.
Outline the differences between shares and debentures.
Ordinary shares attract no fixed rate of dividend, carry voting rights and may participate in surplus assets and profits of the company – they represent ownership of x% of the company.
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. The company may issue shares either fully paid or partly paid (s. 254A). If partly paid shares are issued, the shareholder is liable to pay calls on the shares
(except in the case of no liability companies).
A company also has the right to issue preference shares, but may only do so either if there is a statement in its constitution setting out the rights of these shareholders or if these rights have been approved by a special resolution of the company.
Not all preference shares are the same. Classification of preference shares as equity or liabilities depends on the rights and features of the shares – judgment is required re which classification is appropriate. For example, redeemable, cumulative 10% preference shares, which are to be redeemed on a set date, are definitely liabilities. Preference shares redeemable at the option of the company may or may not be liabilities, depending on the probability of the company redeeming them.
Debentures are issued by the company raise funds but are borrowings, not equity. Debentures may be secured. A trust deed/trustee must be established to protect the rights of debenture holders. 10. What are the main reasons for the development of accounting regulations?
The history of accounting regulation had its origins in the industrialised European settlement of the late 18th century. The social, political and economic changes which occurred saw the gradual decline of the importance of family enterprises and the separation of ownership from control as the control of entities was delegated by owners to agents. The growth in the number and size of
'joint stock companies in the late nineteenth century prompted the rise of disclosure
Chapter 1
9.
Outline the differences between shares and debentures.
Ordinary shares attract no fixed rate of dividend, carry voting rights and may participate in surplus assets and profits of the company – they represent ownership of x% of the company.
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. The company may issue shares either fully paid or partly paid (s. 254A). If partly paid shares are issued, the shareholder is liable to pay calls on the shares
(except in the case of no liability companies).
A company also has the right to issue preference shares, but may only do so either if there is a statement in its constitution setting out the rights of these shareholders or if these rights have been approved by a special resolution of the company.
Not all preference shares are the same. Classification of preference shares as equity or liabilities depends on the rights and features of the shares – judgment is required re which classification is appropriate. For example, redeemable, cumulative 10% preference shares, which are to be redeemed on a set date, are definitely liabilities. Preference shares redeemable at the option of the company may or may not be liabilities, depending on the probability of the company redeeming them.
Debentures are issued by the company raise funds but are borrowings, not equity. Debentures may be secured. A trust deed/trustee must be established to protect the rights of debenture holders. 10. What are the main reasons for the development of accounting regulations?
The history of accounting regulation had its origins in the industrialised European settlement of the late 18th century. The social, political and economic changes which occurred saw the gradual decline of the importance of family enterprises and the separation of ownership from control as the control of entities was delegated by owners to agents. The growth in the number and size of
'joint stock companies in the late nineteenth century prompted the rise of disclosure