Analysis of Alcohols‚ Aldehydes and Ketones Karl Wayne Mancao‚ Raphaell Mordeno‚ Andres Pastrana III*‚ and Shannen Peñaverde Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The proponents have done several tests for identifying alcohols‚ aldehydes and ketones. These tests are Dichromate test‚ Tollens test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test and Iodoform test. Three samples got positive result in dichromate test and one in Tollens test. Lucas test got one sample that has
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Chapter 5: Solutions‚ Colloids‚ and Membranes Chapter Summary Mixtures and Solutions * A mixture maintains its identity regardless of the proportions of its components. * A mixture can be separated into its pure components through physical separation techniques. * The components are distributed uniformly throughout a homogenous mixture. * The components are not distributed uniformly throughout a heterogeneous mixture. * A solution is composed of a solvent and one or more solutes
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References: "Carbonyl Reactivity." Michigan State University :: Department of Chemistry. Web. 13. Nov. 2011 Computers in Chemical Education (CCE) Newsletter. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://orgchem.colorado.edu/CCCE/frame/images/handbook.pdf>. Organic Chemistry
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------------------------------------------------- Definition Esters are chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage. They are derived by reacting an oxo acid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group‚ and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is‚ esters are formed by condensing an acid with
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Classification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives Mary Catherine Sarte‚ John Emmanuel Sy‚ Allurie Umel‚Franklin Yap‚ Mary Christine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives
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aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good leaving groups (anions i.e. Cl-‚ RO-‚ RCO2-) = unstable - starting carbonyl compound with good leaving group = unstable (makes a Tetrahedral intermediate then collapses to form the starting carbonyl group) i.e. Grignard reagent added to an ester
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The most distinct peak is that of a singlet at 9.95 ppm. This has a relative intensity of one. The more deshielded a molecule the higher the chemical shift. Because the oxygen of the carbonyl bond is inductively withdrawing the electron density will reside favourably on the oxygen‚ which means that the electron density associated with the hydrogen is reduced which results in a high chemical shift. A chemical shift of this is only typical
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A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen‚ usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words‚ with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides. In general‚ the monosaccharides and disaccharides‚ which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates‚ are commonly referred to as sugars.
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The percent recovery and percent yield were 80.46% and 47.526%‚ respectively. A melting point range of 85-87oC was obtained from the purified product. - Introduction A Grignard reaction adds an alkyl-magnesium halide to an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl carbon. The alkyl-magnesium halide is known as the Grignard reagent. The carbon bonded to the magnesium
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Esmeralda Curiel Organic Chemistry November 11‚ 2014 Experiment 62 – The Aldehyde Enigma INTRODUCTION In the Cannizaro reaction an aldehyde is simultaneously reduced into its primary alcohol form and also oxidized into it ’s carboxylic acid form. The purpose of this experiment is to isolate‚ purify and identify compounds 1 and 2 which contain 4-chlorobenzaldehyde‚ methanol‚ and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Compounds 1 and 2 are purified by crystallization. . The purified product will be characterized
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